Three hundred million years ago, in Carboniferous times, dragonflies grew as big as seagulls, with wingspans of nearly a metre. Researchers claim they could have flown only if the air had contained more oxygen than today – probably as much as 35 per cent. Giant spiders, tree-ferns, marine rock formations and fossil charcoals all tell the same story. High oxygen levels may also explain the global firestorm that contributed to the demise of the dinosaurs after the asteroid impact.
The strange and profound effects that oxygen has had on the evolution of life pose a riddle, which this book sets out to answer. Oxygen is a toxic gas. Divers breathing pure oxygen at depth suffer from convulsions and lung injury. Fruit flies raised at twice normal atmospheric levels of oxygen live half as long as their siblings. Reactive forms of oxygen, known as free radicals, are thought to cause ageing in people. Yet if atmospheric oxygen reached 35 per cent in the Carboniferous, why did it promote exuberant growth, instead of rapid ageing and death?
Oxygen takes the reader on an enthralling journey, as gripping as a thriller, as it unravels the unexpected ways in which oxygen spurred the evolution of life and death. The book explains far more than the size of ancient insects: it shows how oxygen underpins the origin of biological complexity, the birth of photosynthesis, the sudden evolution of animals, the need for two sexes, the accelerated ageing of cloned animals like Dolly the sheep, and the surprisingly long lives of bats and birds.
Drawing on this grand evolutionary canvas, Oxygen offers fresh perspectives on our own lives and deaths, explaining modern killer diseases, why we age, and what we can do about it. Advancing revelatory new ideas, following chains of evidence, the book ranges through many disciplines, from environmental sciences to molecular medicine. The result is a captivating vision of contemporary science and a humane synthesis of our place in nature. This remarkable book will redefine the way we think about the world.
Michael Sendivogius, the Polish alchemist who may have ‘discovered’ oxygen in 1601, 170 years before Scheele and Priestley, by warming nitre (saltpetre). He thought of the gas given off as ‘the elixir of life’.
Cornelius Drebbel, a Dutch alchemist and inventor, was a protege of Michael Sendivogius, and inventor to the court of James I of Britain. In 1621, his submarine, the world’s first, made an underwater voyage down the Thames from Westminster to Greenwich, a distance of 10 miles, watched by the King and thousands of his subjects. Drebbel apparently ‘refreshed’ the air by removing the lid from a barrel of ‘liquor’ or gas, presumably oxygen — made by warming nitre as Sendivogius had done.
Cornelius Drebbel is usually pictured with a voluptuous maiden-student, invariably in a state of semi-deshabile — not the kind of tutorial that would be approved of in today’s educational ethos. But then he was an alchemist — and judging from the sun and moon necklace, which is full of alchemical symbolism, we’re not supposed to take the image literally. No doubt she’s just a metaphor. And they wonder why the alchemists got a bad name.
Joseph Priestley, looking a bit glum. He was a political radical as well as a great chemist, who ended his days in the land of the free — America — which treated him better than England ever did. But the quest for knowlege seems to have lost some of its fun since Drebbel’s day.
Meanwhile, over in Paris, here is Antoine Lavoisier, often rightly called the ‘father of modern chemistry’, with his remarkable wife Marie Anne. Years later, after Lavoisier had lost his head to the guillotine in the French Revolution, Marie re-married, to Count Rumford, another chemist. She later threw him out after a furious domestic quarrel with the warning never to return.
Carl Scheele, who is credited, correctly, by the Swedes, for the discovery of oxygen in 1771 (if we don’t cede precedence to Sendivogius). He was certainly a couple of years ahead of Priestley, but failed to publish his results after relying too heavily on aristocratic patronage. He also wrote to Lavoisier – a letter Lavoisier maintained he never received (and it’s possible the letter was hidden by Marie for reasons best known to herself).
Scheele’s spartan laboratory and workshop, in which he discovered seven new elements (including oxygen) as well as other new compounds such as glycerol, hydrogen sulphide and citric acid.
Reviews
Highly ambitious.... Oxygen is a piece of radical scientific polemic, nothing less than a total rethink of how life evolved between about 3.5 billion and 543 million years ago, and how that relates to the diseases we suffer from today.... This is science writing at its best. — Jerome Burne, The Financial Times
Lane's book is an extraordinary orchestration of disparate scientific disciplines, connecting the origins of life on earth with disease, age and death in human beings. John Cornwell, SUNDAY TIMES, Books of the Year, 2002
Lane has written a wonderful book about the dual role of oxygen in life and death.... This is a scientific saga as compelling as any creation myth and Lane tells it with appropriate zeal. — Tim Lenton, TIMES HIGHER EDUCATIONAL SUPPLEMENT
A persuasive, demanding attempt to answer some of the most fundamental questions in biology… One of the deepest, most illuminating books about the history of life to have been published in recent years. — Economist
. . . popular science writing at its very best - clear yet challenging, speculative yet rigorous. The book is a tour de force which orchestrates a seamless story out of both venerable ideas and very recent discoveries in several disparate fields. Bernard Dixon
. . . a breathtaking, broad vision of the role of a single gas in our life, from the origin of organisms, through the emergence of creatures, and to their deaths . . . packed full of interesting life-and-death stories...A wonderful read. — Peter Atkins (New Scientist)
. . . one of the most thought-provoking books I have ever read. John Emsley
Nick Lane's chapters are dispatches from the frontiers of research into Earth and life history, but they contain nothing that will lose the patient reader and much that will reward. — Tim Radford (The Guardian)
Broad-ranging and densely argued.... Lane's learning and historical scope enable vivid descriptions of the role oxygen has played in determining the course of evolution.... [an] ambitious and detailed work Michael Peel , Times Literary Supplement
Oxygen's history has never been told as well as Nick Lane tells it here. If there's a fact about oxygen that's worth knowing , it's included.... one of the better books to appear this year
David Payne, Focus Magazine
Enjoyable and informative… Oxygen presents an entertaining and cogent account of how oxidative stress fits in to our rapidly expanding knowledge about ageing … a nicely crafted account of an important element's place in our lives … deserves to be widely read — Tom Kirkwood, Nature
British biochemist Lane examines questions of life and death as seen through the lens of oxygen.... Provocative and complexly argued (starred review) Kirkus Reviews
This is truly a unique book which takes the reader into unknown territory....Once you start reading it's difficult to put it down.... might well become the talking point of 2003
John Emsley, Chem@Cam
One cannot understand evolution by studying internal factors (genes) alone! Nick Lane shows how oxygen shapes life. Oxygen is more than just another environmental factor. Oxygen is a mixed blessing: we cannot live without it, but it kills us in the end. Oxygen is the elixir of life - and death. A new perspective on life, evolution, ageing, death, sex, longevity, and disease. Nick Lane's biophysical expertise is a necessary ingredient of an Evolutionary Synthesis. Gert Korthof, www.wasdarwinwrong.com
A glorious book that tells of dragonflies as big as seagulls, hotels in huge metal balls, the magic of photosynthesis... and why we get old. Do NOT miss this book!
David Freeman, Relaxwithabook.com
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